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Population Control
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Fluoride - Even
Worse Than We Thought
By Andreas Schuld
9-19-6
- In 1999 the US
Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a
glowing report on the fluoridation of public water
supplies, citing the procedure as one of the
century's great public health successes.1
-
- Ironically, the same
report hints that the alleged benefit from
fluorides may not be due to ingestion:
"Fluoride's caries-preventive properties
initially were attributed to changes in enamel
during tooth development because of the
association between fluoride and cosmetic changes
in enamel and a belief that fluoride incorporated
into enamel during tooth development would result
in a more acid-resistant mineral."
-
- The CDC report then
acknowledges new studies which indicate that the
effects are "topical" rather than
"systemic." "However, laboratory
and epidemiologic research suggests that fluoride
prevents dental caries predominately after
eruption of the tooth into the mouth, and its
actions primarily are topical for both adults and
children."
-
- The obvious question
is this: How can the CDC consider the addition of
fluoride to public water supplies to be a public
health success while admitting at the same time
that fluoride's benefits are not
"systemic," in other words, are not
obtained from drinking it?
-
- The truth, now
becoming increasingly evident, is that
fluoridation and the proclaimed benefit of
fluoride as a way of preventing dental decay is
perhaps the greatest "scientific" fraud
ever perpetrated upon an unsuspecting public.
-
- Even worse, the
relentless promotion of fluoride as a "dental
benefit" is responsible for the huge neglect
in proper assessment of its toxicity, an issue
that has become a major concern for many nations.
As there is no substance as biochemically active
in the human organism as fluoride, excessive total
intake of fluoride compounds might well be
contributing to many diseases currently afflicting
mankind, particularly those involving thyroid
dysfunction. In the United States, most citizens
are kept entirely ignorant of any adverse effect
that might occur from exposure to fluorides.
Dental fluorosis, the first visible sign that
fluoride poisoning has occurred, is declared a
mere "cosmetic effect" by the dental
profession, although the "biochemical events
which result in dental fluorosis are still
unknown."2,3,4 The quantity of fluoride
needed to prevent caries but avoid dental
fluorosis is also unknown.5
-
- What is Fluoride?
-
- Fluoride is any
combination of elements containing the fluoride
ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a pale
yellow, highly toxic and corrosive gas. In nature,
fluorine is found combined with minerals as
fluorides. It is the most chemically active
nonmetallic element of all the elements and also
has the most reactive electro-negative ion.
Because of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is
never found in nature as an uncombined element.
-
- Fluorine is a member
of group VIIa of the periodic table. It readily
displaces other halogens--such as chlorine,
bromine and iodine--from their mineral salts. With
hydrogen it forms hydrogen fluoride gas which, in
a water solution, becomes hydrofluoric acid.
-
- There was no US
commercial production of fluorine before World War
II. A requirement for fluorine in the processing
of uranium ores, needed for the atomic bomb,
prompted its manufacture.6
-
- Fluorine compounds
or fluorides are listed by the US Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as among
the top 20 of 275 substances that pose the most
significant threat to human health.7 In Australia,
the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) recently
considered 400 substances for inclusion on the NPI
reporting list. A risk ranking was given based on
health and environmental hazard identification and
human and environmental exposure to the substance.
Some substances were grouped together at the same
rank to give a total of 208 ranks. Fluoride
compounds were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.8
-
- Fluorides, hydrogen
fluoride and fluorine have been found in at least
130, 19, and 28 sites, respectively, of 1,334
National Priorities List sites identified by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).9
Consequently, under the provisions of the
Superfund Act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of
information about fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and
fluorine and their effects on health was required.
This publication appeared in 1993.9
-
- Fluorides are
cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides
accumulate in the body is the reason that US law
requires the Surgeon General to set a Maximum
Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride content in
public water supplies as determined by the EPA.
This requirement is specifically aimed at avoiding
a condition known as Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis
(CSF), a disease thought to progress through three
stages. The MCL, designed to prevent only the
third and crippling stage of this disease, is set
at 4ppm or 4mg per liter. It is assumed that
people will retain half of this amount (2mg), and
therefore 4mg per liter is deemed
"safe." Yet a daily dose of 2-8mg is
known to cause the third crippling stage of
CSF.10,11
-
- In 1998 EPA
scientists, whose job and legal duty it is to set
the Maximum Contaminant Level, declared that this
4ppm level was set fraudulently by outside forces
in a decision that omitted 90 percent of the data
showing the mutagenic properties of fluoride.12
-
- The Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition
(1984) gives lead a toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 =
moderately toxic, 4 = very toxic) and the EPA has
set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in drinking
water--with a goal of 0.0ppm. The toxicity rating
for fluoride is 4, yet the MCL for fluoride is
currently set at 4.0ppm, over 250 times the
permissable level for lead.
-
- Water Fluoridation
-
- In 1939 a dentist
named H. Trendley Dean, working for the U.S.
Public Health Service, examined water from 345
communities inTexas. Dean determined that high
concentrations of fluoride in the water in these
areas corresponded to a high incidence of mottled
teeth. This explained why dentists in the area
found mottled teeth in so many of their patients.
Dean also claimed that there was a lower incidence
of dental cavities in communities having about 1
ppm fluoride in the water supply. Among the native
residents of these areas about 10 percent
developed the very mildest forms of mottled enamel
("dental fluorosis"), which Dean and
others described as "beautiful white
teeth."
-
- Dean's report led to
the initiation of artificial fluoridation of
drinking water at 1part-per-million (ppm) in order
to supply the "optimal dose" of 1mg
fluoride per day--assuming that drinking four
glasses of water every day would duplicate Dean's
"optimal" intake for most people. Now,
according to the American Dental Association, all
people, rich or poor, could have "beautiful
white teeth" and be free of caries at the
same time. After all, the benefits of water
fluoridation had been documented "beyond any
doubt."13
-
- When other
scientists investigated Dean's data, they did not
reach the same conclusions. In fact, Dean had
engaged in "selective use of data,"
using findings from 21 cities that supported his
case while completely disregarding data from 272
other locations that did not show a correlation.14
In court cases Dean was forced to admit under oath
that his data were invalid.15 In 1957 he had to
admit at AMA hearings that even waters containing
a mere 0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l) could cause dental
fluorosis, the first visible sign of fluoride
overdose.16 Moreover, there is not one single
double-blind study to indicate that fluoridation
is effective in reducing cavities.17
-
- So What's the Truth
About Tooth Decay?
-
- The truth is that
more and more evidence shows that fluorides and
dental fluorosis are actually associated with
increased tooth decay. The most comprehensive US
review was carried out by the National Institute
of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged
5-17 years.18 It showed no significant differences
in terms of DMF (decayed, missing and filled
teeth). What it did show was that high decay
cities (66.5-87.5 percent) have 9.34 percent more
decay in the children who drink fluoridated water.
Furthermore, a 5.4 percent increase in students
with decay was observed when 1 ppm fluoride was
added to the water supply. Nine fluoridated cities
with high decay had 10 percent more decay than
nine equivalent non-fluoridated cities.
-
- The world's largest
study on dental caries, which looked at 400,000
students, revealed that decay increased 27 percent
with a 1ppm fluoride increase in drinking water.19
In Japan, fluoridation caused decay increases of 7
percent in 22,000 students,20 while in the US a
decay increase of 43 percent occured in 29,000
students when 1ppm fluoride was added to drinking
water.21
-
- Dental Fluorosis: A
"Cosmetic" Defect?
-
- Dental fluorosis is
a condition caused by an excessive intake of
fluorides, characterized mainly by mottling of the
enamel (which starts as "white spots"),
although the bones and virtually every organ might
also be affected due to fluoride's known
anti-thyroid characteristics. Dental fluorosis can
only occur during the stage of enamel formation
and is therefore a sign that an overdose of
fluoride has occurred in a child during that
period.
-
- Dental fluorosis has
been described as a subsurface enamel
hypomineralization, with porosity of the tooth
positively correlated with the degree of
fluorosis.22 It is characterized by diffuse
opacities and under-mineralized enamel. Although
identical enamel defects occur in cases of thyroid
dysfunction, the dental profession describes the
defect as merely "cosmetic" when it is
caused by exposure to fluoride.
-
- What is now becoming
apparent is that this "cosmetic" defect
actually predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988
Duncan23 stated that hypoplastic defects have a
strong potential to become carious. In 1989,
Silberman,24 evaluating the same data on Head
Start children, wrote that "preliminary data
indicate that the presence of primary canine
hypoplasia [enamel defects] may result in an
increased potential for the tooth becoming
carious." In 1996 Li 25 wrote that children
with enamel hypoplasia demonstrated a
significantly higher caries experience than those
who did not have such defects and, further, that
the "presence of enamel hypoplasia may be a
predisposing factor for initiation and progression
of dental caries, and a predictor of high caries
susceptibility in a community." In 1996
Ellwood & O'Mullane26 stated that
"developmental enamel defects may be useful
markers of caries susceptibility, which should be
considered in the risk-benefit assessment for use
of fluoride."
-
- Currently up to 80
percent of US children suffer from some degree of
dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure is up
to 71 percent. A prevalence of 80.9 percent was
reported in children 12-14 years old in Augusta,
Georgia, the highest prevalence yet reported in an
"optimally" fluoridated community in the
United States. Moderate-to-severe fluorosis was
found in 14 percent of the children.27
-
- Before the push for
fluoridation began, the dental profession
recognized that fluorides were not beneficial but
detrimental to dental health. In 1944, the Journal
of the American Dental Association reported:
"With 1.6 to 4 ppm fluoride in the water, 50
percent or more past age 24 have false teeth
because of fluoride damage to their own."28
-
- The Wonder Nutrient?
-
- On countless
internet sites, fluoride is proclaimed as the
"wonder nutrient," the
"deficiency" symptom being increased
dental caries.29 It boggles the mind that a
cumulative toxin and toxic waste product can be
described a "nutrient." Nevertheless,
such claims are repeatedly made by
pro-fluoridationists.30
-
- On March 16, 1979,
the FDA deleted paragraphs 105.3(c) and
105.85(d)(4) of Federal Register documents which
had classified fluorine, among other substances,
as "essential" or "probably
essential." Since that time, nowhere in the
Federal Regulations is fluoride classified as
"essential" or "probably
essential." These deletions were the
immediate result of 1978 Court deliberations.31 No
essential function for fluoride has ever been
proven in humans.32,33,34,35,36
-
- "Nature Thought
of It First"
-
- A popular slogan
employed by the ADA and other pro-fluoridation
organizations is, "Nature thought of it
first!" The slogan creates the impression
that the fluoridation compounds used in water
fluoridation are the same as those discovered many
years ago in the water in some areas of the US.37
The fluoride compound in "naturally"
fluoridated waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium
fluoride, a common fluoridation agent, dissolves
easily in water, but calcium fluoride does not.9
-
- Animal studies
performed by Kick and others in 1935 revealed that
sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium
fluoride.38 Even worse, toxicity was recorded for
hydrofluorosilicic acid, the compound now used in
over 90 percent of fluoridation programs,
Hydrofluorosilicic acid is a direct byproduct of
pollution scrubbers used in the phosphate
fertilizer and aluminum industries. Our government
adds it to water supplies even though it is also
involved in getting rid of its own stockpile of
fluoride compounds left over from years and years
of stockpiling fluorides for use in the process of
refining uranium for nuclear power and weapons.39
-
- In the Kick study,
less than 2 percent of calcium fluoride was
absorbed and this was excreted quantitatively in
the urine. But even calcium fluoride is not
benign. As the animals given calcium fluoride also
developed mottled teeth, it was clear that such
compounds could produce changes on the teeth
merely by passing through the body, and not by
being "stored in a tooth" or anywhere
else. No calcium fluoride was retained.
-
- In 1946 Samuel
Chase, one of the authors of the Kick study,
became president of the International Association
for Dental Research (IADR). This organization
promoted the idea that only the fluoride ion in
the various fluoridation compounds was of
importance. Yet he well knew that sodium fluoride
did not behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike
calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was retained in
great amounts in the body and was very toxic. Rock
phosphate and hydro-fluorosilicic acid experiments
yielded the same information.
-
- New areas with
"natural" fluoride are appearing all
over the world, as now all areas not
"artificially" fluoridated are
considered "natural." The problem is
that this "natural" fluoride is the
result of direct water and soil contamination from
petrochemical land treatment, uncontrolled
fertilizer use, pesticide applications, ground
water contamination from industrial waste sites,
rocket fuel "burial grounds," and so
forth. Suddenly we have "natural"
fluorides showing up in areas previously deemed
"fluoride deficient"!
-
- Total Intake
-
- It is well
established that it is TOTAL fluoride intake from
ALL sources which must be considered for any
adverse health effect evaluation.40,41,42 This
includes intake by ingestion, inhalation and
absorption through the skin. In 1971, the World
Health Organization (WHO) stated: "In the
assessment of the safety of a water supply with
respect to the fluoride concentration, the total
daily fluoride intake by the individual must be
considered."41 Exposure to airborne fluorides
from many diverse manufacturing
processes--pesticide applications, phosphate
fertilizer production, aluminum smelting, uranium
enrichment facilities, coal-burning and nuclear
power plants, incinerators, glass etching,
petroleum refining and vehicle emissions--can be
considerable.
-
- In addition, many
people consume fluorine-based medications such as
Prozac, which greatly adds to fluoride's
anti-thyroid effects. ALL fluoride
compounds--organic and inorganic--have been shown
to exert anti-thyroid effects, often potentiating
fluoride effects many fold.43
-
- Household exposures
to fluorides can occur with the use of Teflon
pans, fluorine-based products, insecticides sprays
and even residual airborne fluorides from
fluoridated drinking water. Decision-makers at 3M
Corporation recently announced a phase-out of
Scotchgard products after discovering that the
product's primary ingredient--a fluorinated
compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS)--was
found in all tested blood bank examinations.44
3M's research showed that the substance had strong
tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal
and human tissue.
-
- In 1991 the US
Public Health Service issued a report stating that
the range in total daily fluoride intake from
water, dental products, beverages and food items
exceeded 6.5 milligrams daily.42 Thus, the total
intake from those sources alone already greatly
exceeds the levels known to cause the third stage
of skeletal fluorosis.
-
- Besides fluoridated
water and toothpaste, many foods contain high
levels of flouride compounds due to pesticide
applications. One of the worse offenders is
grapes.45 Grape juice was found to contain more
than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA estimates total
fluoride intake from pesticide residues on food
and fluoridated drinking water alone to be 0.095
mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70 kg takes
in more than 6.65 mg per day.45b Soy infant
formula is high in both fluoride and aluminum, far
surpassing the "optimal" dose46,47 and
has been shown to be a risk factor in dental
fluorosis.48
-
- Tea
-
- In their drive to
fluoridate the public water supplies, dental
health officials continue to pretend that no other
sources of fluoride exist. This notion becomes
absurd when one looks at the fluoride content in
tea. Tea is very high in fluoride because tea
leaves accumulate more fluoride (from pollution of
soil and air) than any other edible plant.49,50,51
It is well established that fluoride in tea gets
absorbed by the body in a manner similar to the
fluoride in drinking water.49,52
-
- Fluoride content in
tea has risen dramatically over the last 20 years
due to industry contamination. Recent analyses
have revealed a fluoride content of 17.25 mg per
teabag or cup in black tea, and a whopping 22 mg
of soluble fluoride ions per teabag or cup in
green tea. Aluminum content was also high--over 8
mg. Normal steeping time is five minutes. The
longer a tea bag steeped, the more fluoride and
aluminum were released. After ten minutes, the
measurable amounts of fluoride and aluminum almost
doubled.53
-
- A website by a
pro-fluoridation infant medical group states that
a cup of black tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride54
which is the equivalent amount of fluoride from
7.8 litres of water in an area fluoridated at
1ppm. Some British and African studies from the
1990s showed a daily fluoride intake of between
5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day from tea alone.55, 56, 57
Tea has been found to be a primary cause of dental
fluorosis in many international studies.58-70
-
- In Britain, over
three-quarters of the population over the age of
ten years consumes three cups of tea per day.71Yet
the UK government and the British Dental
Association are currently contemplating
fluoridation of public water supplies! In Ireland,
average tea consumption is four cups per day and
the drinking water is heavily fluoridated.
-
- Next to water, tea
is the most widely consumed beverage in the world.
Tea can be found in almost 80 percent of all US
households and on any given day, nearly 127
million people--half of all Americans--drink
tea.71
-
- The high content of
both aluminum and fluoride in tea is cause for
great concern as aluminum greatly potentiates
fluoride's effects on G protein activation,72 the
on/off switches involved in cell communication and
of absolute necessity in thyroid hormone function
and regulation.
-
- Fluoride and the
Thyroid
-
- The recent
re-discovery of hundreds of papers dealing with
the use of fluorides in effective anti-thyroid
medication poses many questions demanding
answers.73,74 The enamel defects observed in
hypothyroidism are identical to "dental
fluorosis." Endemic fluorosis areas have been
shown to be the same as those affected with iodine
deficiency, considered to be the world's single
most important and preventable cause of mental
retardation,75 affecting 740 million people a
year. Iodine deficiency causes brain disorders,
cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many
other diseases. Synthroid, the drug most commonly
prescribed for hypothyroidism, became the top
selling drug in the US in 1999, according to
Scott-Levin's Source Prescription Audit, clearly
indicating that hypothyroidism is a major health
problem. Many more millions are thought to have
undiagnosed thyroid problems.
-
- Environment
-
- Every year hundreds
and thousands of tons of fluorides are emitted by
industry. Industrial emissions of fluoride
compounds produce elevated concentrations in the
atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride can exist as a
particle, dissolving in clouds, fog, rain, dew, or
snow. In clouds and moist air it will travel along
the air currents until it is deposited as wet acid
deposition (acid rain, acid fog, etc.) In
waterways it readily mixes with water.
-
- Sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6), emitted by the electric power industry, is
now among six greenhouse gases specifically
targeted by the international community, through
the Kyoto protocol, for emission reductions to
control global warming. The others are carbon
dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane and nitrous oxide
(N2O).
-
- SF6 is about 23,900
times more destructive, pound for pound, than
carbon dioxide over the course of 100 years. EPA
estimates that some seven-million metric tons of
carbon equivalent (MMTCE) escaped from electric
power systems in 1996 alone. The concentration of
SF6 in the atmosphere has reportedly increased by
two orders of magnitude since 1970. Atmospheric
models have indicated that the lifetime of an SF6
molecule in the atmosphere may be over 3000
years.76
-
- The ever-increasing
fluoride levels in food, water and air pose a
great threat to human health and to the
environment as evidenced by the endemic of
fluorosis worldwide. It is of utmost urgency that
public health officials cease promoting fluoride
as beneficial to our health and address instead
the issue of its toxicity.
-
- About the Author
-
- Andreas Schuld is
head of Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC),
an organization of parents whose children have
been poisoned by excessive fluoride intake. The
group includes educators, artists, scientists,
journalists and authors, lawyers, researchers and
nutritionists. It is active in worldwide efforts
to have the toxicity of fluoride properly
assessed. For further information, visit their
website at www.bruha.com/fluoride.
-
- REFERENCES
-
- (All web addresses
were visited before Fall, 2000)
-
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"Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 -
Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental
Caries" MMWR 48(41);933-940 (1999), http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
-
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on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in
vitro" Eur J Oral Sci 108(1):48-53 (2000)
-
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-
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SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW - "Protein
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-
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consumption" Pediatr Dent 17(1):13-8 (1995)
-
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-
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Waste Dialogue,Report on Phosphoric Wastes
Dialogue Committee, Activities and
Recommendations, September 1995; Southeast
Negotiation Network, Prepared by Gregory Borne for
EPA stakeholders review
-
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Australia, National Pollutant Inventory, http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/fluoride.html
-
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"Toxicological Profile for Fluorides,
Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F)" CAS#
16984-48-8, 7664-39-3, 7782-41-4 (1993), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html
-
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of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health
Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on
Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and
Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National
Research Council, August 1993, p.59
-
- 11. World Health
Organization - Fluorides and Human Health, p. 239
(1970)
-
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JW - "Applying the NAEP code of ethics to the
Environmental Protection Agency and the fluoride
in drinking water standard" Proceedings of
the 23rd Ann. Conf. of the National Association of
Environmental Professionals. 20-24 June, 1998. GEN
51-61, http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm
-
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Association, http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/facts/benefits.html#2
-
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Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International Symposium
on Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September
1988
-
- 15. Proceedings,
City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities Commission of
the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October
20-21 (1955)
-
- 16. AMA Council
Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957
-
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EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes
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Ph.D. , http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/nteu_paper.htm,
http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/epa2.htm
-
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Results from the 1986-1987 national survey of U.S.
school children" Fluoride 23:55-67 (1990).
Data also analyzed by Gerard Judd, Ph.D., in:Judd
G - "Good Teeth Birth To Death",
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EPA Research #2 (1994)
-
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Teotia M -"Dental Caries: A Disorder of High
Fluoride And Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30
years of Personal Research), Fluoride, 1994
27:59-66 (1994)
-
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"Study of the relationship between fluorine
ions in drinking water and dental caries in
Japan". Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 22(2):144-96
(1972)
-
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-
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Ultrastructure, And Elemental Composition"
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(4) 251-257 (1995)
-
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children" ASDC J Dent Child 55(6):423-6
(1988)
-
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canine hypoplasia in Head Start children" J
Public Health Dent 49(1):15-8 (1989)
-
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Bian JY -""Caries experience in
deciduous dentition of rural Chinese children 3-5
years old in relation to the presence or absence
of enamel hypoplasia" Caries Res 30(1):8-15
(1996)
-
- 26. Ellwood RP,
O'Mullane D - "The association between
developmental enamel defects and caries in
populations with and without fluoride in their
drinking water" J Public Health Dent
56(2):76-80(1996)
-
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of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health
Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on
Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and
Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences, National
Research Council, August 1993 p 47-48
-
- 28. "The Effect
of Fluorine On Dental Caries" Journal
American Dental Association 31:1360 (1944)
-
- 29. Examples:
http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/septoct97/flouride.htm;
http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html
-
- 30. Barrett S, Rovin
S (Eds) -"The Tooth Robbers: a
Pro-Fluoridation Handbook" George F Stickley
Co, Philadelphia pp 44-65 (1980)
-
- 31. Federal
Register, 3/16/79, page 16006
-
- 32. Federal
Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60, Number
249)] Rules and Regulations , Page 67163-67175
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and
Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket No.
90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19
-
- 33. The Report of
the Department of Health and Social Subjects, No.
41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36 on
fluoride (HMSO 1996). "No essential function
for fluoride has been proven in humans."
-
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Fluoride an Essential Element?" Fluorides,
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".. a person drinking fluoridated water may
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day from this source ... the development of
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safety of a water supply with respect to the
fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride
intake by the individual must be considered. Apart
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(b) Federal Register: August 7, 1997 (Volume 62,
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-
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